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lt;/i>: Purchasing, leasing, rental, or hire purchasing by government entities or agencies.
Graduation: Concept linking the rights and obligations of a developing country to its level of development.
Grandfather Clause: A clause exempting signatories from certain treaty obligations for legislation or regulations that were adopted before accession to the treaty and that are inconsistent with the treaty.
Impairment: Damage to, or weakening of, benefits accruing under contractual rights and obligations.
Import Substitution: Theory of and approach to development that focuses on providing domestic substitutes for all imported manufactures via trade protection and various types of industrial policies.
Infant Industry: Infant industry arguments suggest that new (non-traditional) industries must be protected from import competition while they are establishing themselves.
Intra-industry trade: Trade in which a country both exports and imports goods that are classified to be in the same industry.
Labeling: Requirement, either mandatory or voluntary, to specify whether a product satisfies certain conditions relating to the process by which it was produced.
Licensing (of imports or exports): Practice requiring approval to be granted by the relevant government authority, or by a body designated by such authority, as a prior condition to importing or exporting.
Linking Scheme: An import licensing requirement that forces an importer to purchase specified amounts of the same type of product from domestic producers before they can apply for import licenses.
Market Access: Refers to the conditions under which imports compete with domestically produced substitutes.
Matching grant: Subsidy that is conditional on a co-payment or contribution by an industry or enterprise.
Markup: A measure of the difference between unit price of a good and its marginal cost of production.
Mutual Recognition. The acceptance by one country of another countrys certification that a product has satisfied a product standard.
National Treatment: Principle that foreign goods, services, and persons (investors), once they have entered a country and satisfied any formalities that are required, are treated in exactly the same way as national goods, services or persons.
Necessity test: Procedure to determine whether a policy restricting trade is necessary to achieve the objective that the measure is intended to attain.
Negative list: In an international agreement, a list of those items, entities, products, etc. to which the agreement will not apply, the commitment being to apply the agreement to everything else.
Nominal rate of protection: The proportion by which the (tariff-inclusive) internal price of an import exceeds the border or world price.
Noneconomic objective: Describes situations where a policy objective is other than the efficient allocation of resources.
Nontariff barrier: A catch-all phrase describing barriers to international trade other than the tariffs.
Nontariff measure: Any government action with a potential effect on the value, volume, or direction of trade.
Normal Value: Price charged by an exporting firm in its home market.
Offset Requirement: Requirement, stipulated by the authorities of the importing country, that exporters to that country compensate for their exports by.
Origin Rule: Criterion for establishing the country of origin of a product.
Parallel imports: Trade that is made possible when a good that is protected under intellectual property provisions (patents, copyrights) is sold in different countries for different prices.
Para Tariff: Charges on imports that act as a tariff but are not included in countrys tariff schedule.
Partial Equilibrium Analysis: The study of one market in isolation, assuming that anything that happens in it does not materially affect any other market.
Patent: A right granted to its owner to exclude all others from making, selling, importing or using the product or process described in the patent for a fixed period of time.
Positive List: In an international agreement, a list of those items, entities, products, etc. to which the agreement will apply, with no commitment to apply the agreement to anything else.
Predatory pricing: Action by a firm to lower prices so much that rival firms are driven out of business, after which the firm raises prices again to exploit the resulting monopoly power.
Preshipment inspection: Mechanism under which goods are inspected and certified in the country of origin by specialized inspection agencies or firms.
Price discrimination: The practice of charging different customers different prices for the same good in order to exploit their different degrees of enthusiasm for it.
Price undertaking: Commitment by an exporter to either raise prices or reduce sales in a market as a way of settling an antidumping suit brought by import-competin ...........
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