|
>: Trade policy used by importing governments to counteract dumping, for example by imposing duties or negotiating price increases.
Capacity-building: In trade context, activities supported by the donor community aimed at strengthening the ability of stakeholders in developing countries to develop national trade policy.
Cartel: Arrangement between firms to control a market - for example, to fix prices or limit competition between members of the cartel.
Ceiling binding: Often used to describe a situation where there is a large difference between the tariff that is actually applied and the level at which the tariff is bound. .
Compensatory Adjustment: Measure taken, after withdrawing of a (tariff or other) concession, to compensate for such withdrawal.
Competition policy: Legislation and regulations designed to protect and stimulate competition in markets by outlawing anticompetitive business practices such as cartels, market sharing or price fixing.
Contestability: A market is contestable if new suppliers can enter it easily.
Contingent Protection: Trade barriers that are imposed if certain circumstances (contingencies) are met.
Copyright: Instrument to protect the right of authors of original works (print, audio, video, film, software) from unauthorized copying and use.
Counter trade: Form of barter committing the exporter to offset the value of his exports, in whole or in part, by imports from his trading partner.
Countervailing Duty: Duty levied on imports of goods that have benefited from production or export subsidies.
Customs Duty: Charge levied on imports and listed in importing countrys tariff schedules.
Customs Valuation: Establishment, according to defined criteria, of the value of goods for the purpose of levying ad valorem customs duties on their importation.
Decoupling: Action to ensure that subsidies to producers (usually farmers) are unrelated to production so as to provide no incentive to increase production.
Deep integration: Inter-governmental cooperation in designing and applying domestic policies such as taxes, health and safety regulations, and environmental standards.
Deficiency Payment: Direct monetary payment by government to producers to compensate for the difference between the market price of a good and a higher guaranteed price for that good.
Degressivity: Mechanism to ensure that the application of a measure gradually becomes less severe over time.
Dumping: A form of price discrimination by which the export price of the product exported from one country to another is less than the comparable price.
Economic needs test: Measure requiring a demonstration that an import (of goods, but more usually, natural service providers) cannot be satisfied by local producers or service providers.
Effective Rate of Protection: A measure of the protection afforded by an import restriction calculated as a percentage of the value added in the product concerned.
Escape Clause: Clause in a legal text allowing temporary derogation from its provisions under certain specified emergency conditions.
Exchange Control: Restrictions imposed by a government or central bank over the holding, sale, or purchase of foreign exchange.
Exhaustion: Policy stance of a country regarding parallel imports of goods protected under intellectual property rights.
Export Processing Zone: A designated area or region in which firms can import duty-free as long as the imports are used as inputs into the production of exports.
Export promotion: A strategy for economic development that emphasizes support for exports through removal of anti-export biases created by policy.
Externality: Occurs when the action of one agent (person, firm, government) affects directly other agents, making them better or worse off.
Fast track. A procedure under which the U. S. Congress agrees to consider implementing legislation for international trade agreements on an `up or down" basis, that is, gives up its right to propose amendments.
Foreign trade zone: An area within a country where imported goods can be stored or processed without being subject to import duty.
Formula Approach: Method of negotiating down tariffs or other barriers to trade by applying a general rule (formula).
Free on board (f. o. b): The price of a traded good including its value and the costs associated with loading it on a ship or aircraft.
Free-Trade Area: A group of countries in which the tariffs and other barriers are eliminated on substantially all trade between them.
Geographical indication: Measure aimed to protect the reputation for quality of goods originating in a particular geographic location by limiting the use of distinctive place names or regional appellations to goods actually produced in those locations.
Government Procurement& ...........
Страницы: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | [14] | 15 | 16 |
|
